Judgement on Charles Warren and the Ripper investigation

Charles Warren became head of the Metropolitan Police when they were in dire need of help after the incident that occurred in 1886. Police officers and officials were all shaken up and the police force was a mess. When Charles Warren came into action the police force changed. Although he had several difficult and complicated problems to deal with; I think he done an outstanding job in taking control over things which proved grateful from the many men and women that commended all that he did. He received countless complimentary letters which I think says it all. He was very effective in keeping the police force calm in order to handle any problem that arose. In his compliments he received one from the Home Secretary, Commander in Chief; H. R. H, The Duke of Cambridge, The Prince of Wales and Lord Salisbury which was a huge honour for him which he so rightly deserved. On top of all the compliments he was awarded with a Knight Commandership of the Order of the Bath. He dealt with other difficulties which included burglaries, muzzling of dogs along with everything else going on which lead to the police being abused by the irritated public. Despite all of these positives, people began to criticise him in the case of Jack the Ripper, people would slate him, accuse him of things he didn’t do and generally oppose him. He was unfairly accused of not catching the murderer and frequently had to face the press with outrageous thoughts and articles which gave him a bad image. I disagree with this for he coped very well with what problems he was faced with. The case of Jack the Ripper was his most difficult case but he faced it head on and didn’t back down to defeat. I believe people could not see the inner workings to all that he did. After all the issues that he still received he resigned which left officers in dismay and disappointed for the great job that he did do. To conclude I believe that he was very effective as Head of the Metropolitan Police for all of the difficulties that he dealt with in a sensible manner which enabled the public to feel safe and the officers around him to be at ease, he improved Police investigation strategies which gave him great respect. I also think that all of the criticism he received off of the public and press he still continued to do his work and did not let things overcome him. Overall he really did help the Metropolitan Police to improve and was a very good man in what he did and achieved.

South African Public Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay

The words â€Å" crisis † and â€Å" wellness attention † follow each other in sentences so frequently in South Africa that most citizens have grown numb to the association. Clinicians, wellness directors and public wellness experts have been speaking about a crisis in entree to wellness attention for more than half a century, and the coming of democracy has non alleviated the state of affairs. South Africa ‘s inability to adequately react to its many crises is besides the consequence of a national health care system designed to supply intervention instead than bar. The over-dependence on hospital-based attention in South Africa non merely makes the health care system expensive and inefficient, but besides precludes much-needed investings in primary and preventive attention. Health curate Dr Aaron Motsoaledi candidly conceded that the public wellness system faces ‘very serious challenges ‘ ( Philip 2009 ) . In this reappraisal I describe the crisis in child care and its effects for the wellness of kids, characterise the implicit in grounds for the crisis, analyze current intercessions and research some medium and longer term solutions.How terrible is the crisis?It is non surprising that the populace ‘s perceptual experience of wellness services are frequently determined by narratives about the attention offered to kids presented in the media. For case, in one hebdomad in May 2010, two narratives dominated newspaper and media headlines in Gauteng. One was the decease of seven newborn babies and the infection of 16 others as a consequence of a deadly infection ( later identified as a norovirus ) acquired by the babies at the Charlotte Maxexe Johannesburg Academic Hospital. At Natalspruit Hospital in Ekhuruleni, 10 kids likewise succumbed to a nosocomial ( hospital acquired ) infection ( Bodibe 2010 ) . These types of events, with big Numberss of kids geting infections in infirmaries are non uncommon, although merely a fraction grabs the headlines. Outbreaks occur at regular intervals at infirmaries throughout the state. An eruption of Klebsiella infection was responsible for 110 babes deceasing at Mahatma Gandhi Hospital in Durban, harmonizing to the administration â€Å" Voice † that threatened a category action instance against the Department of Health. The national wellness section itself has identified infection control as one of six cardinal countries that needed betterment in the public wellness sector ( Department of Health 2010 ) . Poor wellness attention at several Eastern Cape infirmaries left more than 140 kids dead in one of South Africa ‘s poorest territories within the first three months of 2008 ( Thom 2008 ) . A undertaking squad look intoing these deceases in the Ukhahlamba territory concluded that they were non the consequence to any peculiar disease eruption or exposure to contaminated H2O as ab initio suspected, but instead that the wellness service available was hopelessly faulty. ( Report on childhood deceases, Ukhahlamba District, Eastern Cape ) The Ukhahlamba undertaking squad, comprising of three experient public sector baby doctors, painted a inexorable image of Empilisweni Hospital kids ‘s ward where most of the deceases occurred. Problems identified included: The construction and layout of the physical installation was inappropriate – no nurse ‘s station or work surfaces, no separation of â€Å" clean † and â€Å" dirty † countries and no drama or stimulation installations, The ward and cells were overcrowded and no proviso existed for boarder female parents, who paid R30 to kip on the floor next to their kids, There were grossly unequal services – no O and suction points, excessively few electrical sockets, no basins or showers and excessively few lavatories in the patient ablutions, and an unacceptable ward kitchen, Highly limited clinical equipment, Staffing deployment and rotary motion did non advance effectual attention, with few nurses dedicated to the kids ‘s ward and physicians altering wards every two months, go forthing the ward devoid of experient forces, There were limited policy paperss and no protocols or entree to allow clinical mention stuff or guidelines, Clinical patterns were uneffective or unsafe, peculiarly sing infection control and the readying and distribution of infant provenders and medical specialties, Not a individual infirmary record included inside informations about the prescribing or disposal of infant provenders. Fluid direction was severely documented. Three of the kids appeared to hold died from fluid overload due to inappropriate and unregulated fluid disposal, The bulk of the kids were ne'er weighed, their nutritionary position was non assessed nor their Hiv position established. The undertaking squad ‘s audit of 45 of the deceases revealed that most of the deceases occurred within the first 48 hours of admittance to infirmary and were in babies who were self-referred. The dominant diagnosings were diarrheal disease, pneumonia and malnutrition. The undertaking squad concluded that â€Å" These deceases are more likely the consequence of hapless attention of a vulnerable destitute community with high rates of malnutrition among the babies and hapless use of the available wellness services. † The hapless state of affairs described at Empilisweni Hospital is non alone and similar low conditions can be found at many of the pediatric wards at the 401 infirmaries in the state. While nonsubjective grounds to back up this contention does non be, pediatric practicians in many states and scenes would readily admit the veracity of the claim. The account offered by different probes of inauspicious events happening at public infirmaries countrywide is unusually similar. Uniformly, there is a combination of overcrowded wards, understaffing, overpowering work loads, a dislocation of hygiene and infection control processs, and direction failure with a deficiency of scrutinizing or supervising systems to place and react to jobs at an earlier phase.Increasing kid mortalityWhat is non combative is that South Africa is one of merely 12 states where childhood mortality increased from 1990 to 2006 ( Children ‘s Institute 2010 ) , with a doubling of deceases in kids under the age of five old ages in this period ( from about 56 to 100 deceases per 1000 unrecorded births ) . The 2010 UNICEF State of the World ‘s Children estimates South Africa ‘s under 5 decease rate to be 67 per 1000 for 2008 ( UNICEF 2009 ) . This high rate ranks South Africa 141st out of 193 states. The national statistic besides hides pronounced interprovincial fluctuations ; from about 39 per 1 000 in the Western Cape to 111 per 1 000 in the Free State ( McKerrow 2010 ) . A individual disease – HIV- is mostly responsible for the increased mortality. States with a similar economic profile ( Gross National Income [ GNI ] ) as South Africa such as Brazil and Turkey boast about quadruple lower under 5 mortality rates ( U5MR ) . South Africa ‘s high U5MR is even more confusing when compared to poorer states such as Sri Lanka and Vietnam. These two states ‘ U5MRs are approximately five times lower ( 15 and 14 per 1,000 severally ) despite holding a GNI less than one half to a 3rd of South Africa ‘s ( UNICEF 2009, World Bank 2010 ) . Despite being classified as a high in-between income state, South Africa has high degrees of infective diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia, HIV, TB and parasitic infections usually found in poorer states. Similarly, there has been small success in cut downing undernutrition in kids – a one-fourth of South Africa ‘s kids are stunted ( short ) . Further, as a consequence of increased urbanization and economic development, the state is besides sing increasing degrees of traumatic hurts and chronic diseases of life style such as fleshiness, diabetes and cardiovascular disease that are more typical of better resourced states. These diseases chiefly affect grownup populations but are progressively being identified in kids. The deterioration in kid wellness has occurred despite important betterment in kids ‘s entree to H2O, sanitation and primary wellness services. About 3000 new clinics have been built or upgraded since 1994, wellness attention is provided for free to kids under 5 old ages and pregnant adult females ( Saloojee 2005 ) , and the kid societal support grant is making 10.5 million kids ( more than half of all kids in the state ) ( Dlamini 2011 ) . These accomplishments have been marred by several defects. Many new clinics and the territory wellness systems are non yet adequately functional because of a deficiency of forces and fundss, hapless disposal, and spread outing demands. Public third wellness attention ( academic infirmary ) services have badly eroded.Characterizing the crisisThe World Health Organization, in 2000, ranked South Africa ‘s wellness attention system as the 57th highest in cost, 73rd in reactivity, 175th in overall public presentation, and 182nd by overall d egree of wellness ( out of 191 member states included in the survey ) ( World Health Organization 2000 ) . What explains this blue evaluation? Despite high national outgo on wellness, inequalities in wellness disbursement, inefficiencies in the wellness system and a deficiency of leading and answerability contribute to South Africa ‘s hapless kid wellness results.Hospitals operate within a dysfunctional wellness systemPoor infirmary attention is but one marker of a dysfunctional wellness system that comprises splodges of independent services instead than a coherent, co-operative attack to presenting wellness attention. Most primary wellness attention services for kids are merely offered during office hours, with some clinics curtailing new patients ‘ entree to services by early afternoon – a waste of available and expensive human resources. Some clinics lack basic diagnostic trials and medicine. Consequently, many infirmary exigency suites are flooded with kids wi th comparatively minor complaints because their health professionals choose non to line up for hours at ill managed local clinics, or prefer accessing wellness services after returning from work. The referral system in which patients are referred from clinics to territory, regional or third infirmaries harmonizing to how serious their wellness jobs are has disintegrated in many parts of the state. Children who require more specialized attention frequently can non acquire it either because they get stuck within a dysfunctional system or because there is no infinite for them at the following degree of attention. Conveyance to secondary and third degree infirmaries is debatable, ensuing in holds or non-arrival, increasing the badness of the disease and intervention costs when the kid does arrive. District infirmary services are the most dysfunctional ( Coovadia 2009 ) , with patients frequently by-passing this degree of attention in scenes where entree to secondary ( regional ) or third attention ( specializer ) services are available. Despite cut-backs in budgets, third attention scenes continue to try to supply ‘first-class ‘ services, which although applaudable, may ensue in over-investigation and intervention, and denial of indispensable attention to kids who reside outside their immediate catchment countries ( because the infirmary is ‘full ‘ ) .Changing wellness environmentSome of the increasing emphasis faced by the public infirmaries may be attributed to the altering wellness environment in which they operate. Two factors are most responsible for the alteration: rapid urbanization and the AIDS epidemic. Urban, township infirmaries are peculiarly affected by the load of increased patient tonss, and hardly get bying with the demand. Although a national strategic program for HIV/AIDS exists, the ability to implement the program is constrained by the tremendous demands on human and financial resources demanded for its execution. The budget allocated to HIV/AIDS has increased from R4.3 billion in 2008 to an estimated R11.4 billion in 2010 ( 13 % of the entire wellness budget ) ( Mukotsanjera 2009 ) . New enterprises aimed at beef uping the HIV/AIDS response, include a national HIV guidance and proving run and the decentalisation of antiretroviral intervention from infirmaries to clinics with nurses now supplying the drugs. About a 3rd of kids at most South African infirmaries are HIV septic. HIV-positive kids are hospitalised more often than HIV-negative kids ( 17 % compared to 4.7 % hospitalised in the 12 months prior to the survey ) ( Shisana 2010 ) . Children with AIDS tend to be sicker and frequently require longer admittances despite enduring from the same spectrum of unwellnesss as ordinary kids. Greater Numberss of patients, higher disease sharp-sightedness degrees and complications, and slower recovery rates all impact on limited resources. High mortality rates take an emotional toll on physicians and nurses. Hospital pediatricss, which has ever been a popular and rewarding pick for freshly qualified physicians because of modern medical specialty ‘s ability to rapidly reconstruct urgently sick kids to wellness has now become much more about chronic attention bringing because of the high figure of HIV infected kids in the wards, many of whom are re-admitted on a regular basis because of perennial infections. In recent old ages, immature physicians have been dissuaded from choosing primary attention subjects, such as pediatricss, and have moved alternatively to prosecuting fortes where contact with patients is limited, such as radiology, for fright of geting HIV from work-related accidents such as needle-stick hurts. The handiness of extremely active antiretroviral ther apy to increasing figure of kids nationally, though still limited to fewer than half of all eligible kids, has the possible to return pediatricss to its old position as a rewarding and fulfilling forte.UnfairnessUnfairnesss and inequalities abound in South African wellness attention disbursement by and large, and specifically sing kids ‘s wellness. Of the R192 billion spent on wellness attention in 2008/09, 58 % was spent in the private sector ( Day 2010 ) . Although this sector merely provides attention to an estimated 15 % of kids, two-thirds of the state ‘s baby doctors service their demands ( Colleges of Medicine of South Africa 2009 ) . Furthermore, of the R90 billion provincial public wellness sector budget, approximately 14 % is spent on cardinal ( third ) infirmary services ( Day 2010 ) , which chiefly benefits kids shacking in urban scenes and wealthier states such as the Western Cape and Gauteng. Similarly, pronounced unfairnesss exist in the figure of wellness professionals available to kids in different states with, for illustration, one baby doctor serving about 8,600 kids in the Western Cape, but 200,000 kids in Limpopo ( Colleges of Medicine of South Africa 2009 ) . This differential exists among most classs of wellness professionals. The current wellness system claims to supply cosmopolitan coverage to kids. Yet, from a resourcing, service bringing and quality position, the handiness and degree of service is unjust with many patients and communities sing significant trouble in accessing the public wellness system. Rural and black communities remain most deprived. Apartheid age derived functions continue in present twenty-four hours wellness attention. Therefore, for case, while the once whites merely Charlotte Maxexe Johannesburg Academic Hospital now chiefly serves a black urban population, its resources including ward installations, staff-patient ratios and overall budget still demo a clear positive prejudice when compared to the resources available to the Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital located in Soweto ( a former ‘black ‘ infirmary ) ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Nationally, the most stressed infirmaries are those with the lowest resources per bed. The least stressed infirmaries continue to be those with old reputes as high-quality establishments ( largely antecedently â€Å" whites merely † infirmaries ) that provide them with a sort of ‘social capital ‘ ( von Holdt 2007 ) .Management capacity crisisThe conflict for the control of infirmariesSouth Africa has embraced the construct of wellness services delivered wit hin a three-tiered national wellness system framework – national, provincial and territory. States are charged with the duty of supplying secondary or third infirmary services, with territory services holding duty for territory infirmaries and clinics. Existing legislative assembly allows hospital main executive officers ( CEOs ) considerable powers in the running of their ain infirmaries. However, there is a dysfunctional relationship between infirmaries and provincial caput offices, which frequently assume autocratic and bureaucratic control over strategic, operational and elaborate procedures at infirmaries but are unable to present on these. There is a bleary and equivocal venue of power and decision-making authorization between infirmaries and caput offices ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Hospital directors are disempowered, can non take full answerability for their establishments and are largely unable to make up one's mind on affairs such as staff Numberss and assignments, pulling up their ain budgets or playing any function in the procurance of goods and services. The structural relationship between state and establishment is a disincentive for managerial invention, giving rise to a infirmary direction civilization in which disposal of regulations and ordinances is more of import than pull offing people and operations or work outing jobs, and where incompetency is easy tolerated. Hospital directors ‘ deficiency of control undermines direction answerability and promotes subservience to the cardinal authorization. The function of provincial wellness sections should truly be about commanding policy sing preparation, occupation scaling and answerability.Silos of directionMost South African infirmaries have basically the same direction construction where authorization is fragmented into separate and parallel silos. Therefore, physicians are managed within a silo of clinicians, nurses within a nursing silo, and support staff by a mesh of separate silos for cleaners, porters, clerks, etc. The senior directors in the establishments have broad do mains of duty but with small authorization to do determinations or implement them ( von Holdt 2007 ) . As an illustration, a clinical section such as pediatricss is headed by a senior or chief pediatric specializer who has no control over the nurses in the pediatric section. In the wards, nursing directors are responsible for effectual ward operation, but have small control over ward support staff such as cleaners or clerks. A senior clinical executive ( overseer ) has duty for the paediatric ( and other ) sections, but can exert small significant authorization over it because power prevarications within each of the silos ( physicians, nurses, support workers ) . As a consequence, the clinical executive has to try to negociate with all parties. Doctors and nurses do non find budgets, or proctor and control costs. In kernel, those responsible for utilizing resources have no influence on their budgetary allotment, while those responsible for the budget presume no duty for the services that the budget supports. Most clinical caputs have no thought what their budgets are and costs are non disaggregated within the establishment to single units or wards. Therefore, what should be managed as an incorporate operational unit ( for illustration, a ward or clinical section ) operates alternatively in a disconnected manner with small clear answerability. In this circumstance all parties are disempowered, and relationships oscillate between diplomatic negotiations, persuasion, dialogue, angry confrontation, ailment and backdown. In the procedure few jobs are definitively resolved, with negative effects for patient attention. Where institutional emphasis is high, the disconnected silo constructions generate the mistake lines along which struggle and managerial failure manifest ( von Holdt 2007 ) .Fiscal crisisInsufficient outgo on wellness, infirmaries and kid wellnessBetween 1998 and 2006, South African one-year public per capita wellness outgo remained virtually changeless in existent footings ( i.e. accounting for rising prices ) , although disbursement in the public sector increased by 16.7 % yearly between 2006 and 2009 ( National Treasury 2009 ) . However, the little additions in outgo have non kept gait with population growing, or the greatly increased load of disease ( Cullinan 2009 ) . In 2009 the state spent 8.9 % of the gross national merchandise ( GDP ) on wellness ( Day 2010 ) , and easy met the World Health Organisation ‘s ( WHO ) informal recommendation that alleged developing states spend at least 5 % of their GDP on wellness ( World Health Organization 2003 ) . However merely 3.7 % of GDP was spent in the populace sector, with 5.2 % of GDP expended in the private sector ( Day 2010 ) . In per capita footings R9605 was spent per private medical strategy donee in 2009, while the public sector spent R2206 per uninsured individual ( Day 2010 ) . Although the wellness of female parents and kids has been a precedence in authorities policy since 1994, including in the latest 10 Point Plan for Health ( Department of Health 2010 ) , it has non translated into motions in financial and resource allotment. Children comprise about 40 % of the population ( Statistics South Africa 2009 ) , but it is improbable that a similar proportion of the wellness budget is spent on kid wellness. No dependable informations exist, as authorities departmental budgets do non specifically represented outgo on kids, easy leting this constituency to be short-changed or ignored.Poor financial subjectA deficiency of answerability extends throughout the wellness service, and includes the deficiency of financial subject. Provincial sections of wellness jointly overspent their budgets by more than R7.5bn in 2009/10 ( Engelbrecht 2010 ) . Provincial sections often fail to budget adequately, ensuing in the freeze of stations and the limitation of basic service proviso ( e.g. everyday kid immunization services were earnestly disrupted in the Free State state in 2009 [ Kok D 2009 ] ) . Every twelvemonth, budgetary undiscipline consequences in critical deficits of drugs, nutrient supplies and equipment in many states, peculiarly during the last fiscal one-fourth from January to March, and during April when new budgetary allotments are being released. â€Å" Stock-outs † of pharmaceutical agents, medical supplies such as germicides or baseball mitts or radiological stuff, and nutrient or baby expression, may rag staff but may hold lay waste toing effects for patients, including decease. Most of these â€Å" stock-outs † are the consequence of providers ending contracts because of failure of payment of histories. In Gauteng, medical providers are presently owed more than half a billion rand by the Auckland Park Medical Supplies Depot, the cardinal unit from which medical specialties are distributed to provincial infirmaries and clinics. The largest sums owed by the terminal are to two pharmaceutical companies ( some R130 million ) ( Bateman 2011 ) . A recent embarrassing happening is the return of R813 million to Treasury at the terminal of the past fiscal twelvemonth by the wellness section because of unexpended financess ( Bateman 2011 ) . Most of the money was budgeted to resuscitate collapsed and unfinished substructure at infirmaries. This map belongs to the Department of Public Works, and infirmaries have small influence on the operation of this separate section – a farther illustration of disconnected services. Treasury has however allocated financess for the resurgence or building of five academic infirmaries by 2015, chiefly through public private partnerships. These are Chris Hani Baragwanath in Soweto, Dr George Mukhari in Pretoria, King Edward VIII in Durban and Nelson Mandela in Mthatha, every bit good as a new third infirmary for Limpopo. Provincial wellness sections are get downing to demo modest success in rooting out fraud and corruptness, but their attempts have revealed widespread victimizing bing taxpayers one million millions of rands, much of it deeply systemic ( Bateman 2011 ) . The majority of endemic corruptness involves dishonorable service suppliers with links to identify wellness section functionaries, plundering via shade and multiple payments loaded onto payment systems. In the Eastern Cape an external audit of ‘anomalies ‘ in four wellness section provider databases revealed R35 million in extra or multiple payments in 2010 ( Bateman 2011 ) . Some 107 providers had the same bank history figure, 4 496 had the same physical reference and 165 providers shared the same telephone figure. Less sophisticated fraud involved the bribing of territory ambulance service managers to transport private patients. Larceny of equipment, medicine and nutrient is permeant, worsening bing constrictions in supply concatenation direction. Almost R120 000 worth of infant expression destined for malnourished babes or babies of HIV-positive female parents was stolen in the Eastern Cape in 2010 for which three foreign national business communities and four wellness section functionaries were arrested. Eight nurses at Mthatha ‘s Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital were arrested for allegedly stealing R200 000 worth of medical specialties ( Bateman 2011 ) . In KwaZulu-Natal, a study to the finance portfolio commission revealed 24 ‘high precedence ‘ instances affecting abnormalities, supply concatenation and human resource misdirection, overtime fraud, corruptness, nepotism, misconduct and carelessness, amounting to about R1 billion. Among others, the former wellness MEC, Peggy Nkonyeni faced charges of irregular stamp awards amounting to several million rands ( Bateman 2011 ) . Ten wellness section functionaries in Mpumalanga, including its main fiscal officer, appeared before a disciplinary court on charges of corruptness. Three separate investigations uncovered monolithic fraud and corruptness in the section, including abnormalities with stamp processs and the purchasing of unneeded infirmary equipment. Perversely, Sibongile Manana, the wellness MEC, was removed from her station by the provincial Premier, and given the Sports, Recreation, Arts and Culture portfolio. The Premier justified this determination by claiming that the reshuffle of his executive council was to rectify ‘instances of misdirection and wrongdoing ‘ uncovered by a series of forensic audits ( Bateman 2011 ) .Human resources crisisStaff deficitsStaff deficits are a critical job in most public infirmaries, and are the consequence of underfunding every bit good as a national deficit of professional accomplishments. About 43 % of wellness stations in the populace sector countryw ide are vacant, and more concerning appear to be increasing ( up from 33 % in 2009 and 27 % in 2005 ) ( Lloyd 2010 ) . Some establishments are running with less than half the staff they need, with more than two-thirds of professional nurse stations and over 80 % of medical practician stations in Limpopo unfilled ( Lloyd 2010 ) . Deficits of support workers such as cleaners and porters exacerbate the job, since nurses and physicians end up executing unskilled but indispensable maps. Deficits of nurses in peculiar are bring forthing a health care crisis in South African public infirmaries ( von Holdt 2007 ) . Nurses have a broad range of pattern, and bear the brunt of increased patient-loads, staff deficits and direction failures. Ironically, a figure of nursing colleges were closed down in the late ninetiess as portion of authorities ‘s cost-cutting steps while authorities made it really hard for foreign physicians to pattern in the state. The state of affairs is now being addressed with acknowledgment of the demand for both more nurses and physicians to be trained. However, the constricted resources available bound a speedy or meaningful response and considerable investing in new installations and trainers is required over the following decennary to turn to the current shortage. Throughout the state, physicians and nurses invariably make determinations about which patients to salvage and which to keep back intervention from based on available staff and physical resources, instead than medical standards. Because of the force per unit area on beds, kids are sometimes denied admittance to infirmaries, non referred suitably or discharged prematurely, therefore confronting the danger of impairment, backsliding or decease.Conditionss of serviceUnderstaffing and vacant professional stations and are the consequence of a figure of factors, and vary in different locations. They include failure to set up new stations despite the increased demand for services, ‘frozen stations ‘ because of deficient support being available and deficiency of appropriately qualified staff. This deficiency may be because of â€Å" pull † or â€Å" push † factors. â€Å" Pull † factors attract staff off from the public service and include out-migration and m otion to the more moneymaking private sector. â€Å" Push † factors such as hapless wages, the inability of infirmaries to fulfill the simple animal amenitiess of staff, peculiarly in rural or township scenes, and a blazing discourtesy by hospital decision makers of the professional position of staff induce staff to go forth the public service. The high decease rate of wellness workers from AIDS has farther exacerbated the accomplishments crisis. The Occupational Specific Dispensation was a step introduced to specifically turn to the hapless wages paid to nurses and physicians. Although the intercession has been successful in retaining some staff in public sector infirmaries and even luring private sector nurses and physicians back, this fiscal inducement was deficient to forestall national work stoppages by both physicians in 2009 and the full wellness sector in 2010. Much of the dissent and sadness related to conditions of service, instead than the declared difference about the size of the one-year addition of the wage bundle. The long and bruising six-week work stoppage was a sad indictment of the hapless degrees of professionalism of wellness workers, with wards full of newborn and immature babies in many infirmaries being abandoned immediately and wholly with no interim programs for their eating or attention. This necessitated exigency emptyings or alternate agreements by practicians who were willing to put their small p atients ‘ demands above those of the work stoppage action, and by concerned members of the populace. Undoubtedly, many 100s of kids ‘s lives were lost during this industrial action but the inside informations of these deceases and any attendant punitory action has been handily ignored in an effort to pacify further work stoppage action by the responsible parties.Aberrant staff behaviorAbsenteeism among wellness workers is prevailing, even at good run establishments such Durban ‘s Addington Hospital ( Cullinan 2006 ) . This is largely due to emphasize, but nurses â€Å" moonlighting † in private infirmaries to supplement their province wages is besides a factor. At infirmaries where direction was weak, such as Cecilia Makiwane Hospital in East London or Prince Mshiyeni in Durban, nurses besides turned up late, left early, and frequently ignored patient attention such as regular monitoring of critical marks ( Cullinan 2006 ) . Hospital directors ‘ abilit y to take disciplinary action is badly limited by the centralized nature of provincial wellness bureaucratisms. In many states, the provincial caput of wellness is the lone individual able to disregard staff. Hospitalised kids are the most vulnerable, since they can non demand services or recommend for their ain demands. Therefore lost provenders, failure to have prescribed medicine timeously or missed doses, inattention to supervising critical marks and holds in reacting to sudden clinical impairment are day-to-day happenings in kids ‘s wards countrywide.Service bringing crisisInadequate patient attentionThere is a crisis of caring at infirmary throughout the state. Evidence of hapless service bringing at infirmaries is disputed, ignored, and largely tolerated by readily accepting the alibi of low staff morale, staff or resource deficits and ‘no money ‘ ( Saloojee 2010 ) . The caring ethos that characterises the wellness profession has eroded to the grade that most patients are thankful for any Acts of the Apostless of kindness directed to them. Many patients can tell how their most basic demands, such as aid with eating, toileting or trouble control, have been ignored by wellness staff even in state of affairss where wards have been quiet and adequately staffed. Despite the well-known Batu Pele ( People First ) principles being conspicuously displayed in wellness Centres, few appear to be committed to their execution. The effects of this deficiency of lovingness and answerability are predictable and inevitable for kids – higher morbidity and decease. The grounds for unequal paediatric attention is good documented and significant. The Salvaging Children 2005-7 study reviewed 8060 child deceases at 51 infirmaries in all nine states of South Africa ( Stephen 2009 ) . The sites represented different degrees of paediatric health care functioning rural, peri-urban and urban populations. Almost one out of three deceases was considered evitable. For each kid who died during this clip there were, on norm, more than two happenings of substandard attention, one of which 1 could be attributed to clinical forces. One-third of deceases occurred during the first 24 hours in infirmary, which reflects jobs with initial appraisal and exigency attention of kids on admittance. Nevertheless, the reappraisal identified jobs in all countries of clinical attention: appraisal, direction and monitoring. In the wards, staff deficits increased increasingly during the three old ages under reappraisal. Merely 14 of 380 public sector infirmaries run into and keep criterions set by the internationally accredited not-for-profit quality betterment and accreditation organic structure, the Council for Health Service Accreditation of South Africa ( COHSASA ) ( Bateman 2007 ) . This administration has pioneered a quality betterment programme to help and promote infirmaries to work towards accomplishing significant conformity with the quality criterions, taking finally to accreditation. While many ( 243 ) infirmaries have been supported in accomplishing accreditation over the past decennary, merely 32 achieved accreditation position. Some ( 36 ) made deficient advancement or withdrew from the programme, while others ( 17 ) achieved accreditation but later ‘backslid ‘ as a consequence of non keeping criterions.Lack of answerabilityA deficiency of answerability at all degrees of the wellness system may be the best account for why awkward public presentation has been tolerated for so long. Accountability requires public functionaries to be answerable for specific actions, activities or determinations to the populace ( from whom they derive their authorization ) . Accountability besides means set uping standards to mensurate public presentation, every bit good as inadvertence mechanisms to guarantee that criterions are met. Concentrating on answerability is hence of import for advancing capacity development and public presentation. In the absence of any provincial or territory degree monitoring of deceases or quality of attention, the hapless or negligent public presentation of some wellness establishments continues unbridled. A ‘culture of averageness ‘ dominates. Merely the occasional patient or job attracts media attending, normally because of a catastrophe sufficient to raise major concern from wellness governments, who normally act to penalize the ‘guilty party ‘ instead than to rectify or turn to the implicit in causes and jobs built-in in the system. A disturbing but of import set of contemplations on the public presentation of the wellness sector was provided by the amalgamate national and single provincial studies of the Integrated Support Teams commissioned by the so Minister of Health, Barbara Hogan ( Barron 2009 ) . Despite being ready in May 2009, the studies were merely available publically after being leaked in late 2010. The amalgamate study was scathing approximately many issues observing a deficiency of: national guidelines, norms and criterions, alliance between planning, execution and monitoring and rating, managerial answerability for the attainment of service related marks, an sanctioned policy and overarching model, and lucidity sing functions and duties ( e.g. between monitoring and rating, strategic planning and programme divisions [ e.g. HIV, TB, Maternal and Child Health ] ) . The national wellness section has been loath to set up clear norms and criterions for a figure of cardinal countries such as human resources ( e.g. figure of nurses per pediatric bed ) , equipment or budgets. This is likely related to a fright of the existent possibility of a tribunal challenge if it is found desiring in its ain criterions. The effect is a farther deficiency of answerability as no 1 can be held accountable for non presenting to a criterion that does non be. This state of affairs is now being addressed through the constitution of an Office of Health Standards conformity at the national degree.SolutionsFrom the description presented, it should be clear that a solution to the wellness crisis in general, and for hospital attention of kids in peculiar, is complex, multi-layered, requires the intercession of multiple histrions and activities, demands new and reallocated resources and will necessarily be a long-run procedure. Many wellness professionals desperation, non cog nizing how to act upon or consequence alteration in such a complicated and dysfunctional system, and prefer to make nil, trusting alternatively that some Jesus ( such as the Minister of Health ) will repair everything. The wellness curate himself recognises the demand to â€Å" pass the whole wellness system † and considered the wellness attention system unsustainable, â€Å" highly expensive † , healing and â€Å" hospicentric † ( The Star 2011 ) . Despite there being no quick holes, a figure of short- and medium-term solutions could significantly better the state of affairs. The limited range of this paper prevents an in-depth geographic expedition of these thoughts, but many should be obvious based on the item presented earlier. However, even obvious solutions can be impossible to implement in some environments. I summarise some of the cardinal intercessions required below. A major hindrance to adequate attention at province infirmaries is managerial disempowerment. Considerable investing in direction capacity and systems is required to get the better of current direction palsy, and optimise scarce fiscal and human resource use. A restructuring of the relationship between provincial caput offices and public infirmaries is a precedence, as is the empowering of hospital direction and augmentation of their competences. There is acknowledgment and understanding at the highest degrees, including the Presidency, about the demand for this. In his 2011 State of the Nation Address, Jacob Zuma, emphasised the demand for assignment of appropriate and qualified wellness forces. Provincial caput offices should release their chokehold on infirmaries and an insisting on micro direction and dressed ore alternatively on policy, scheme and monitoring of direction public presentation. Hospital directors should hold the authorization to run their ain infirmaries and be held accountable for this without undue intervention from caput offices, harmonizing to hold concern, budget and public presentation programs. Hospital organizational constructions should be based on clear operational units. A unit such as pediatricss should hold clear lines of authorization and answerability and silo maps should be disintegrated. An every bit crippling precedence is the deficiency of competent staff. In footings of supply, nurses preparation colleges are being reopened and medical schools being encouraged to increase admittance Numberss, with a clear penchant for pupils arising from rural or distant scenes since they are more likely to return at that place on finishing their preparation. The Occupational Specific Dispensation has made public sector wages much more attractive and competitory. A more hard job to get the better of is the inability of infirmary and provincial decision makers to appreciate the demand to handle wellness professionals as valuable assets whose demands need to be respected instead than sing them as easy dispensable trade goods. Task shifting, where undertakings that can be performed by less trained staff with specific accomplishments are allowed to pull off some conditions within their competence, is acknowledged to be a utile manner to cover with the accomplishments shortage. Better service bringing can be promoted through the coevals of norms and criterions, and the application of these including monitoring of conformity. Widening the Child Healthcare Identification Programme ( CHIP ) system of scrutinizing of deceases to all infirmaries in the state offers another mechanism for quality control, even though this attack merely scrutinises events in those kids with the worst results, i.e. decease. Measures and processs that extract answerability from wellness professionals, directors and decision makers are urgently needed, but few have succeeded to day of the month. Civil society has been outstanding in advancing action for HIV and AIDS and could play a more powerful function for the wider wellness docket in South Africa. A provincial administration policy is required which makes proviso for the creative activity of a cell of senior regional clinicians to supervise the map of the assorted major fortes throughout the state. Therefore, the regional baby doctor, for case, would be required to supervise the development and execution of norms and criterions for the physical substructure and equipment of kids in all infirmaries in his/her part. This person would be tasked to turn to issues of unfairness, every bit good as better synchronism between clinics and infirmaries and take constrictions in the referral system. A specific demand for pediatricss is a committedness to greater resource allotment for kids ‘s wellness. A recent exercising conducted in Gauteng estimated that an extra ( fringy ) investing of merely R4 billion over five old ages ( or R70 per capita ) in kid wellness could salvage the lives of 14,283 kids and cut down the U5MR by 50 % , about run intoing the provincial Millennium Development Goal mark for 2015. This extra investing would necessitate less than 5 % of the current provincial wellness budget ( Gauteng Department of Health 2009 ) . Not all of this needs to be ‘new ‘ money – much, but non all, of the money could be obtained through cut downing present inefficiencies. The authorities will present a new National Health Insurance in 2012. Detailss of this are still sketchy soon and its impact on child care at infirmaries is hard to foretell. It is chiefly a wellness attention financing mechanism, raising financess from taxpayers and users of the private wellness sector to buy wellness attention benefits for the broader population. The Minister of Health has claimed that the NHI would present ‘universal coverage and better health care in one united health care system ‘ ( The Times 2009 ) . Sceptics argue that it can and will make little to turn to the built-in defects in the wellness bringing system outlined in this paper. Many of the recommendations made in this subdivision are non new and good recognised and some have been accepted by wellness sections antecedently. However, there is limited grounds of their execution and even less grounds of their successful execution. However, islands of excellence remain in the public wellness service, many making this is the face of the same fiscal and logistical restraints as everybody else. The challenge is placing how to acquire everybody else to emulate these success narratives and retroflex their consequences. Children ‘s lives depend on making this quickly.

Assignment 7 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 7 - Research Paper Example Additionally, the continued monitoring of care will aid the medical practitioner in understanding where to start and in checking whether the improvements are sustained. Along the course of the fall prevention program, the medical practitioner will need to evaluate the fall rates taking place at the hospital as well as the effectiveness of the fall prevention strategy. The quality improvement model should entail the regular monitoring of the medical outcomes of the hospital; the indicator is the number of falls per 1000 patient bed days. The second area to be monitored is the care processes implemented; the indicators to be captured include the factors fueling fall risks and the actions taken to reduce a patient’s risk of falling. The third area to be checked is the infrastructure needed to support the best practices being sought, and the indicators to be captured include the participation of the preventive team in an interdisciplinary fashion (Oldrich, Kalman & Nigolian, 2012). In developing the measures of tracking the variables of fall rates and the effectiveness of fall prevention strategies under implementation, the medical practitioner and the hospital, in general, will need to address two important questions. These questions include 1) which way can enable the parties to measure the rates of falls and fall-related injuries and 2) which way will enable the parties to measure the effectiveness of the fall-prevention strategies implemented? Throughout the process of implementing the fall prevention program, the hospital and the staffs overseeing the fall prevention program will need to check the following outcome areas: Whether incident reports were revised, in a manner that allowed the medical personnel to cover more specific areas in care delivery, particularly the areas that are considered to be factors increasing or

Non-verbal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Non-verbal Communication - Essay Example As I walk towards the school entrance while thinking about my quizzes, report, and schools fees, I saw a random blond haired, blue eyed guy in his gray Gap sweatshirt waiting for people at the front door of my school. I look at my back and there are a bunch of people hurrying towards their own classrooms. They are probably his friends. As I take my time walking, I noticed the people at my back are not his friends. He is merely holding the door for everyone that passes by. I noticed some people smile back at him, other nods while others do not pay any attention. They are probably in a hurry. I thought of turning around and find another entrance because I think is plainly awkward. But then, I changed my mind and realized not to make a big deal out of it. As I approached the door, he was already holding the door open for me. It was probably my gloomy mood that he gave me a toothy grin. I was too engrossed in my thoughts to say â€Å"thanks† so I gave him a nod and a pat on his ba ck instead. I do not know what the guy is into, maybe he was just tripping around. I also thought that maybe he was just a genuinely nice guy or that maybe he was conducting a social experiment. He was probably doing a study of how strangers react to the random act of kindness. I mean, who would have done it? I am sure the school administration has the security guards to do that. But anyway, there was a lot of confusion but not so much of misunderstanding. As for me, I got confused at first. I find it awkward but decided there was nothing wrong about it and not to fuss over it. Most people nodded and smiled at him but there were those who ignored him. They are probably in a hurry. I nodded at him and gave him a pat on his back. It felt really good to be shown kindness and to be able to tell that person you appreciate the kindness evens in deeds.

Berman vs department of interior case Term Paper

Berman vs department of interior case - Term Paper Example erman undertakes to bring the culprits to book by aiding POGO in drafting the draft Freedom of Information Act (â€Å"FOIA†) which allowed them to file for two qui tam actions in the United States District Court. As a result, they were paid $440m from the litigation. This was the value of the royalties owed by the oil companies. POGO had already promised to pay a third of the money they will be paid after the litigation and thus when the money was compensated, POGO sent a check of $383,600 to Berman and enclosed therein an indication that the money was an award for his dedication and not for payment of his services. Alter on, the Department of the Interior sued Berman for violation of ethical obligation and breach of fiduciary duty. The perpetrators in this case were the Project on Government Oversight (POGO) and Berman. The societal values they violated was the compensation of the $383,600 check out of the $440 million which was meant to be for the royalties which were underpaid to the federal and Indian lands by the oil companies. They should have given the money to them instead of suing it. Organizational values which were violated in this case were the payment of lump sum money to a government employee for tasks done for the government apart from the salary. Thus, POGO should not have given Berman the check since he was already doing his job. Berman’s ethical obligation concerning oil royalty matters was to deliver the paid money to the underpaid federal and Indian lands by the oil companies. There are competing obligations in this case since the money paid to Berman was meant to be an award for his decision for his work in the past decade while the punishment in this case should be applied to paymen ts given to government especially for future work (Denhardt, 1988). The obligation of the non-public officials in this case was to ensure there was no mismanagement of public resources or abuse of power. They owed this obligation to the public since they were

Social Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Social Change - Research Paper Example As an upshot, individuals, communities and group regardless of cultural and geographical restrictions are increasingly drained into channels clear of space and time. Consequently, isolated localities now compose a gamut, and growth across the borders now forms domestic measures. Thus, other than the predominant political and economic aspects, the social impacts globalization has significant in understanding the trends of current time and space (Palier and Bruno, 148). By contrast with earlier epochs, modern armed globalization is astonishingly broad and intensive. It is calculated, for example, in terms of military-political relations, arms sales and universal military invention for the period illustrious by the lack and deficiency of empires, immense supremacy divergence and interstate confrontation and wars. In contrast with previous years there has been a considerable swing in the organization and coordination of defence invention in the course of more broad and rigorous trans-nationalization through regulating and licensing, co-production treaties, subcontracting, joint ventures and mutual alliances. Few nations currently, including America, can assert to have a sovereign military fabrication facility. Therefore, Globalization has promoted universal peace and coexistence among different communities and countries worldwide (Guillà ©n and Mauro, 251). Intercontinental trade has expanded and developed to exceptional levels, both enormously and comparatively in relation to national revenue. In contrast with the nineteenth century, an era characterized by quick trade growth and escalations, Export levels in relation to GDP share currently are much greater and bigger in OECD states. As results of barriers of entry to global trade which have transverse the world, universal markets have materialized for a lot of goods and, gradually more, services (KesiÄ  and Dragan,

Communication and IT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication and IT - Essay Example This new technology has caused an important transition for medical records of patients- from paper to computer records. The conventional modes of maintaining customer’s medical history has been replaced by effective management of the electronic data records. Due to this technology, doctors can access the customers’ information from anywhere, where internet access is available. The electronic management of medical history of patients proves to be effective even during natural disasters or catastrophes like Hurricane Katrina or 9/11. Physical records cannot be available at such tragic times; however electronic medical records prove to be very effective. These records are maintained at several locations around the country so that such disasters do not result in the loss of data. Doctors may share their electronic medical records with other doctors. Such a practice facilitates discussions between doctors for devising the most effective treatment for patients with rare illne sses. Change of doctors can also be done in an effective manner since the medical history of the patient can be easily accessed by the new doctor. However, Freudenheim (2009) stated that some doctors hesitate in making the transition to the new systems due to the requirement of expensive infrastructure and personnel.

Charter Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charter Schools - Essay Example The different between charter schools and other public schools is that families choose them for their children because they have desired qualities and environment that must exhibit. Moreover, they operate on specific freedoms that are not in the other district public schools hence making them favorable and lenient to the children Chance, L. M. S. A. A., & Lewis, W. (2013) these schools must demonstrate exquisite performance in matters relating to academics prowess, transparent management of finances and effective organizational stability. However, failure for a charter school to meet the organizational may lead to the closure of such school. Chance & Lewis (2013) Affirms that the underrepresented students in charter schools tend to succeed in education and extracurricular activities compared to other students in the district schools. The essay seeks to illustrate why the underrepresented students perform better compared to others in the district schools. First, the general model of school provides an enabling atmosphere where all people can learn and integrate the relevant skills learned in the realm of academics. CREDO study indicates success of these students emanates from school quality features such as teacher quality, lengths of day among other factors that concentrate on the non-low-income, non-disabled females in the charter schools (Mayr, 2008). The school exhibits controllable effects such as peer group, physical education that contribute heavily towards making an individual full member of the community. In other words, the schools have an adequate atmosphere that will provide an avenue for students to succeed by the end of the day. The students have hardworking spirit. Coupling the handwork and effort from students makes it possible for students to excel and eventually perform distinctively from other students in the society. The administration has set principles in terms creating and maintaining motivation amongst students. Awards and

Communicating Effectively with Someone Who is Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Essay

Communicating Effectively with Someone Who is Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing - Essay Example Barnett (2002) states that effective communication is essential and will undoubtedly lead to good outcomes in assisting patients. Effective communication will lead to better management in healthcare. There are important skills that could significantly facilitate communicating with patients who are deaf or hard-of-hearing, and these skills will be discussed in this essay. B. Skills that contribute to effective hearing According to Power and Power (2004, p. 350), acquisition of communication skills enables students to work effectively as healthcare providers. Skills required to deal with particular patients depend on the individual and will vary with age. Steinberg et al. (2006, p. 262) add that the majority of those with hearing issues are elderly. They report poor health as compared to general population, an issue which is attributed to communication. Effective communication helps the deaf and those hard-of-hearing to give their medical history and have appropriate intervention. The health care provider is required to assess the deaf or hard-of-hearing person’s background, language knowledge and level of education to select the best skills to use in communication (Samady et al., 2008, p. 480). Barnett (2002) notes that the deaf or hard-of-hearing use sign language, especially if they grew up with the challenge from childhood. Some learn to use visual language such as reading of lips. Those who become deaf or hard-of-hearing in adulthood experience hardships in mastering communication skills. However, they have the advantage of having been able to speak; therefore, it becomes easier to communicate in the same language. Power and Power (2004, p. 350) reveal that a combination of verbal and non-verbal skills is required for effective communication with deaf or hard-of-hearing patients. These skills include speech reading or lip reading; writing; listening to speech; mastering a system of visual language; and visual aids or using an interpreter. For effectiv e communication, a combination of one, two or more of the skills may be necessary. Speech reading is common with people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. They learn as they grow, depending on the common language used. The major challenge with speech reading is that not all speech sounds are represented on the lips during speech. For speech reading to be successful, there should be a distance and enough light to see the lips of the speaker. The conversation should not be done in a hurry. Avoid sounds that may cause discomfort (Meador & Zazove, 2005, p. 219). Lezzoni et al. (2010, p. 356) claim that visual aids have been successfully used and can be used in the healthcare context. Healthcare providers can use diagrams, pictures or charts to make clarifications and show medical terminology. Those who can only hear will listen and only give gestures as a reply. They may nod, smile, shake hands and use other gestures to communicate. The gestures will vary depending on the community where they live. O’Hearn (2006) adds that visual aids should be clear and correctly labeled. When they are used, they should be placed close to the speaker so that eye contact is maintained. Visual language is

Information skills and system Essay Example for Free

Information skills and system Essay A system is a collection of devices that works together to archive a particular purpose. Examples include transport system, school system, digestive system etc. A system can be represented as following: Input contribution to processing of system Control commanding processing unit Processing transforming input to output Storage where content can be put away and retrieved for later use. Output the outcome of this system An information system is a system that accepts data (raw material) as input and information (organised data) as output. Examples include a computer, searchable databases etc. An information system is shown below: Purpose The use and function of the system Information process The process of converting data into information Participants All people who are involved in the system Information technology The equipment and instruction used. Data and information Data, the input (raw material), and information, the output (processed data). The information process: Collecting gathering of data from real world. Eg entering details Organising preparing data for the use of other processes. Eg arranging data into tables Analysing converting data into useful information, usually more digestible. Eg creating a graph from tables of data Saving and retrieving storing data/information for later uses. Eg saving document onto hard drive. Processing making change in data/information, including updating, correction of error etc. eg spell check Transmitting and receiving exchanging data/information with other information systems, near of remote. Eg internet, e-mailing Displaying presentation of information. Usually user-friendly, easy to understand. Eg projecting graph onto screen Digital representation of data: All data is in a central process unit is processed as electrical currents. Data is usually converted into binary decimals, consisting only 1 or 0, where 1 represents on and 0 represents off. Different data types are converted differently, and this will be discussed in tools for organising later. Binary digits: Decimal Binary Each digit in a binary decimal can only be 1 or 0. To convert from decimal x to binary: divide x by highest possible power of 2, then divide left over by highest possible power of 2, repeat until 1 or 0 is left. Eg 25 = 24 x 1 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 0 + 20 x 1; therefore 25 decimal = 11001 in binary. To convert binary into decimal you do the reverse. Eg 101011 in decimal is 25 x 1 + 24 x 0 + 23 x 1 + 22 x 0 + 21 x 1 + 20 x 1 = 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 43 ASCII code system: The ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) system uses binary decimals to represent different characters. Each digit takes up memory of 1 bit; it takes 8 digits i.e. 8 bits i.e. 1byte to form a character. 1024bytes (210 bytes) = 1KB; 1024KB (220 bytes) = 1MB; 1024MB (230 bytes) = 1GB etc different combinations of any 8 bit forms a character. ASCII includes most if not all symbols, including intangible ones eg Del, Space etc Hexadecimals: Hexadecimal is used in computing when there are too many digits for binary decimal. Eg 255 have 8 digits in binary but only 2 in hexadecimal. It is used for large value numbers such as in the case of html colour panels. Hexadecimals are 16 digit based; 10 15 is replaced with A F respectively. To convert decimal to hexadecimal or hexadecimal to decimal uses the same method as binary conversion, but 16 based. Eg converting 1980 into hexadecimal 1980 = 162 x 7 + 161 x 11 + 160 x 12 Therefore 1980 in hexadecimal is 7BC Eg converting 15FA into decimal 163 x 1 + 162 x 5 + 161 x 15 + 160 x 10 = 4096 + 1280 + 240 + 10 = 5626 Therefore 15FA in decimal is 5626. Social and Ethical issues: Health of human body can be affect through use of information systems. The study of human body and technology is referred as ergonomics. The following are a few health problems the can arise form the use of information system: Tools for information process Collecting: The collecting process involves deciding what to collect, where to collect form and how to collect. Hardware for collecting different data Text keyboard, text scanner, voice recognition Numbers bar code readers, data loggers, keyboard Images scanner, web cam Video video recorders, digital cameras Audio micro-phone, Software for collecting different data Text Microsoft word Numbers Microsoft excel Images scanner software Video windows media player Audio Sound recorder Organizing Text as explained before texts are converted into binary decimals to be processed by other processes, e.g. displaying, analysing etc. Examples of file types: word document, HTML, PDF Numbers Like text, each numerical number can be converted into a binary number. Common file type: excel, word document Images An image is an electronic copy of a picture, photo, scanned document etc for display on screen. All images are made of pixels, which are the smallest controllable display element on most screens. There are two types of images: Bitmapped: each pixel is treated individually and represents bits in memory. Their size, colour, tone etc is stored and therefore takes up large amount of memory. The most common bitmapped file types are BMP (high quality images), JPEG (less memory, lossy compression method) and GIF (maximum 256 colours for cartoons, lossless compression by less colour and smaller size). Vector: end points containing information about the line (thickness, colour, gradient etc) common type of file is PNG, but not supported by early versions of internet explorer. Audio Series of sound measurements. Digital samples are created from real sound waves. The higher frequency of taking samples and the more accurate they are, the better the quality, but the larger the file. Common file types are MIDI and waveform (MP3, MP4 etc). Video A series of still images recorded at high speed, usually along with audio. Hugh in file size. Common file types include animated GIF, MPEG, Flash etc. data is organized using key frames, one for each image that forms a video/animation when played Analyzing: An example of analyzing data is creating a chart in a spread sheet. Charts and graphs are the most popular ways of analyzing data. They show relationships, trends and comparisons at a glance. The impact (use of colours and symbols to draw attention to important data), speed (obvious) and simplicity (easily understood) made it popular. E.g. software excel, calculator Saving and retrieving: Saving and retrieving is important because it allows edited data to be stored and edited later on. Most information systems have a primary storage and a secondary storage. Primary storage is used to store data/information that needs to be instantly accessible to the CPU. It uses silicon chips on the motherboard to store. RAM random access memory, where frequently used data/information and instructions are stored. When the power is cut off everything in RAM disappears. Data are accessed directly without going through other things. Cache is another example of primary storage. It has the same functions are RAM, but is temporary storage for quick access. ROM read only memory, permanent memory where instructions are stored. These instructions are not to be edited or it may distract the processing of the computer. These instructions are applied when booting the computer. Secondary storages are usually portable. Magnetic tape: long thin plastic coated with thin layer of magnetic metal. Magnetic tape can store large amount of data for a cheap price and little space. However it uses sequential memory access, which takes a lot of time. e.g. video tape. Good for back up. Magnetic disk works the same as magnetic tape, but with a circular piece of plastic/metal. E.g. hard disk / floppy disk. Uses random memory access. Optical media uses laser technology to read and write on CD, CDR or CDRE. Written with high power laser to create lots of tiny holes on disk. Flash memory is erasable memory chips e.g. USB, SD card, memory stick etc. Processing: Examples of processing software: audio editing programmes, movie maker, video editors Transmitting and receiving: Buses and ports are used for transmitting and receiving. Buses are connections between CPU and other parts. Ports are sockets that allow an external device to be installed. E.g. e-mail is transmitting and receiving mails. Displaying Printer, monitor speakers etc. most monitors are displayed in pixels. Number of pixels on the screen can be adjusted. Planning, deigning and implementation Understanding the problem This is the first stage of developing a system. It involves identifying the problem that needs to be solved and determining the requirements of the new system through surveys, interviews, analysing existing system, investigation, research etc. Draw up a project plan, specifying who, what how, when; consisting grant charts, schedules, dataflow diagrams, journals, plans etc. Making decisions Determine the feasibility (is it possible) of this new system, analysing potential solutions and makes a recommendation. A feasibility study shows: nature of problem and overview of existing system identifying problem outline constraints (economical, cost vs. benefit; technical, technology requirements and demands; schedule, time wise; organisational, fitting the goal of organization) restates aim of new system in detail analyse data collected suggest solution no change, new system, investigate etc Designing solution Diagrams such as data flow diagram or system flow chart are used to show context of new system. Data flow diagram is a graphical way of showing the flow of data within the system. O process, ? external entity, ? Data storage, ? data flow. System flow chart shows both flow of data and logic of system. Terminals, input/output, process, database, decision, flow line. Decision trees show all possible decisions and their results. External specification the appearance of new system Internal specifications providing technical support to build the system, identify process required by new system, specifications for input data. Information technology application software may be available e.g. existing accounting softwares. If not then programme has to be written and meets the exact needs of new system. Technical specification new hardware support need or not. User documentation user manual for new system. Must be user friendly. Implementing This is the stage of applying the new system. There are three ways of converting to the new system: Direct conversion where the new system is completely replacing the old system. Does not allow time to check that the new one works correctly, old system is erased. Parallel conversion the new system and old system is run at the same time to allow room for error. Phrased conversion gradual implementation of new system. Certain new ones are implemented while other old ones are still operation. Each operation is individually tested. Pilot conversion when a small part of the organization uses the new system. If new system fails, old is there to back it up. Training is needed to teach participants to use the new system. The participants include those who are learning and those who are teaching. Who needs to be trained is decided upon their existing knowledge. Testing, evaluating and maintaining System needs to be tested to ensure that it runs correctly. Results are compared to expectations and initial aims. Determines if change is required. Occurs after minor adjustments. Evaluation is the ongoing process of assessing the system to identify areas of weakness that needs to be changed. Maintaining is the modifying of system after installation, upgrading by making minor improvements. IPT year11 exams study notes

Performance Enhancement for Robot Localization

Performance Enhancement for Robot Localization Performance Enhancement for Robot Localization and Fault Minimization Using Alternative Least Square Machine Learning Technique ABSTRACT Machine learning tools are used for specific applications. The purpose is to investigate proper machine learning tools for the SFU Mountain data-set. Impact: Revealing the appropriate machine learning tools will guide us to build a better data model. We are conducting semi-structured woodlands for fault diagnosis of how environmental variables affect the availability of important robotic services. Using a modeling framework, we are creating future scenarios of robotic service availability based upon local knowledge and climate projections. In addition, we are developing models derived from inputs to compare and potentially combine with local knowledge inputs. This allows us to assess, from several perspectives, how a critical component of community flexibility cans revolution in the future. Perfect productivities will be used to simplify deliberations in the groups on variation options that could minimize the negative consequences while seizing upon positive opportunities. Keywords: Sfu-mountain, ALS, fault diagnosis etc. I.INTRODUCTION This paper considers the problem of recognizing locations based on their appearance. This problem has recently received attention in the context of large-scale global localization [Schindler et al., 2007] and loop-closure detection in mobile robotics [Ho and Newman, 2007]. We progresses the state of the art by developing a principled probabilistic framework for robotics algorithms for long-term deployment. Unlike many existing systems, our approach is not limited to localization we are able to decide if new observations originate from places already in the map, or rather from new, previously unseen places. This is possible even in environments where many places have similar sensory presence (a problem known as perceptual aliasing). Our system effectively learns a model of the common objects, which allows us to improve inference by reasoning about which sets of features are likely to appear or disappear. We present results which demonstrate that the system is capable of recognizing pl aces while rejecting false matches due to perceptual aliasing even when such observations share many features. The approach also has reasonable computational cost fast enough for online loop closure detection in realistic mobile robotics difficulties where the plot covers numerous thousand places. We establish our scheme through identifying loop conclusions over a 4km path length in an initially-unknown outdoor environment, where the system detects a large fraction of the loop closures without false positives. A calibrated sensor If you have a sensor or instrument that is known to be accurate. It can be used to mark position interpretations for evaluation. Best laboratories will have devices that have been standardized beside and documentation including the specific reference alongside that they were regulated, as well as several improvement issues that need to be functional to the output. B. Trail environment Relatively few researchers have focused on the needs, trail location predilections, and involvements of the mountain biker. This research gives recreation supply managers with data that can prompt modification in the method they observe how trail environments should be managed. In one of the few comprehensive studies of mountain biker preferences for recreational settings and experiences, Cessford (1995) in a study for the Department of Conservation, New Zealand, measured altered users and their near of involvement about desired setting issues, trail types, trail conditions, downhill and uphill preferences, and social encounters. Major results presented that there was a relationship between biker preference and level of experience. For example, novice bikers preferred smooth, open, or clear trails and had low preference for obstacles and carrying bikes on sections not feasible for biking. II. Literature survey Jake Bruce, Jens Wawerla and Richard Vaughan [1] they have taken a dataset which are based on measured, coordinated and ground truth- aligned of woodland trail navigation in semi organized shifting outdoor surroundings. The dataset is projected to support the growth of ground in robotics procedures for long-term arrangement in challenging outside situations. It takes total time more than 8 hours for trail navigation, with more accessible in the upcoming as the location variations. The data contain of interpretations from adjusted and coordinated sensors functioning at 5 Hz to 50 Hz in the form of color stereo and gray scale monocular camera images, perpendicular and push-broom laser scans, GPS sites, wheel odometry, inertial sizes, and atmospheric density standards. Dudek Jugessur [2] proposed an appearance-based navigation which is long history inside robotics; there has been substantial expansion in this field in last 5 years. Appearance-based navigation and loop closing recognition schemes working on routes on the instruction of a few kilometers in length are now common. Certainly, place detection schemes comparable in character to the one labeled here is now used equal in single-camera SLAM organizations intended for small scale uses in (Eade Drummond, 2008) [3]. In real time application of these schemes on the scale of tens of kilometers or new has too initiated to be possible. For example, in (Milford Wyeth, 2008) a scheme employing a set of naturally stimulated approaches accomplished effective loop closing recognition and plotting in an assembly of more than 12,000 images from a 66 km route, with processing time of less than 100 ms per image. The appearance-recognition element of the scheme was built on direct pattern matching, so sca led linearly with the size of the location. Working at a comparable scale, Bosse and Zlot define a place identic classification built on distinctive key points removed from 2-D lidar data (Bosse Zlot, 2008) [5] and prove good precision-recall performance over an 18 km suburban data set. Cummins Newman, 2009 [6], they established loop closure recognition on a 1,000 km path, using a type of FAB-MAP which used to an inverted index structural design. One latest research is the improvement of combined schemes which syndicate appearance and metric data. Olson [7] defined a method to increasing the robustness of overall loop closure detection schemes by using both appearance and comparative metric information to choose a single dependable set of loop closures from a bigger no. of applicants (Olson, 2008). The technique was assessed over numerous kilometers of urban data and shown to improve high precision loop closures even with the use of artificially poor image features. More loosely joined systems have also newly labeled in (Konolige et al., 2009; Newman et al., 2009). Significant applicable work also occurs on the more limited problem of overall localization. II.PROBLEM STATEMENT The data are highly challenging by virtue of the self-similarity of the natural terrain; the strong variations in lighting conditions, vegetation, weather, and traffic; and the three highly different trails. In contrast, we traverse challenging semi structured woodland trails, resulting in data useful for evaluating place recognition and mapping algorithms across changing conditions in natural terrain. III. PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION Interestingly, optimizing the posterior probability therefore amounts to optimizing the likelihood function *plus* another term that depends only on the parameters. The posterior probability objective function turns out to be one of a class of so-called penalized likelihood functions where the likelihood is combined with mathematical functions of the parameters to create a new objective function. Dataset The SFU Mountain Dataset involves of numerous 100 GB of sensor data verified from Burnaby Mountain, British Columbia, Canada. Each traversal covers 4km of woodland trails with a 300m altitude change. Recordings contain complete video since 6 cameras, collection data from two LIDAR sensors, GPS, IMU and wheel encoders, plus calibration parameters for each sensor, and we provide the data in the form of ROS bag files, JPEG image files, and CSV text files. Jake Bruce, Jens Wawerla, and Richard Vaughan. The SFU Mountain Dataset: Semi-Structured Woodland Trails Under Changing Environmental Conditions, in IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Robotics, Factory on Visual Place Acknowledgment in Varying Surroundings. Seattle, USA, 2015. Proposed Approach Flow Alternating Least Square (ALS) Machine Learning Alternating Least Squares starts by rotating between fixing one two coordinate for matrix dimension ui or vj that can be computed by solving the least-squares problem. This approach is handful as it improves the previous non-convex problem into a quadratic that can be solved easily [9]. A general description of the algorithm for ALS algorithm for collaborative filtering taken from Zhou et. al [11] is as follows: Step 1: Initializing matrix V by allocating the average rating for that motion as the first row, and then for the small random numbers of the remaining entries. The least squares simply adding up the squared differences between the model and the data.   Minimizing the sum of squared differences leads to the maximum likelihood estimates in many cases, but not always.   One good thing about least squares estimation is that it can be applied even when your model doesnt actually conform to a probability distribution (or its very hard to write out or compute the probability distribution).One of the most important objective functions is the so-called posterior probability and the corresponding Maximum-Apostiori-Probability or MAP estimates/estimators. In contrast to ML estimation, MAP estimation says: choose the parameters so the model is most probable given the data we observed. Now the objective function is P(theta|X) and the equation to solve is As you probably already guessed, the MAP and ML estimation problems are related via Bayes theorem, so that this can be written as Once again, it is convenient to think about the optimization problem in log space, where the objective function breaks into three parts, only two of which actually depend on the parameters. Step 2: Fix V, solve U by minimizing the RMSE function. Step 3: Fix U, solve V by minimizing the MSE function similarly. Step 4: Repeat Steps 2 and 3 until convergence. Development tool The raw data development kit provided on the Autonomy Lab / SFU Mountain Dataset contains MATLAB demonstration code with file which gives further details. Here, we will briefly discuss the most important features. Before running the scripts, steps are: Step 1: Read curves points from the Excel file Step 2: Extract Row Co-ordinate and column too Step 3: Define fault rate Step 4: fault Detected Parameter Machine// Compute current from voltage vector Step 5: Do coerce to limit extrap values to positive values Step 6: fault Detection rate minimization as per coverage distance Step 7: Define sigmoid function regularization for numerical stability Step 8: Define bernoulli probability weight matrix response update Step 9:check convergence Step 10: compute MSE V.RESULT In this section we present results showing sample trajectory matches, fault detection rate and MSE on results plots. The current implementation has ALS optimization built in, so compute scales linearly with the length of the dataset. For all experiments, computation was performed at real-time speed or faster on a standard Intel Core i7 PC. We have evaluated our system with the public datasets from the [1] Project. The data were collected by a robotic platform in static and dynamic indoor, outdoor and mixed environments. Figure 5.1: initial robot position in equilibrium state. Above figure 5.1, the static position for robot 21.15 mm with 1.99-time slot fixing the pointer location having dynamic stages assign to each tracking region. Figure 5.2: Robot define fix counter to each direction and tracking target position with dynamic localization in green lines. Figure 5.3: robot coverage distance divide region in track and make define position of laser range at 360o  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Above figure 5.3 specification the counter stage as per rotated angle and capture each laser to minimization and tolerate skipping factor from 6.5 -9 micro meter in 0.96 millisecond timing. Figure 5.4: Fault detection rate minimization as per coverage distance over Energy level Above figure 5.4, the model of 200 mm distance with weather circumstances at 25oC having least fault detection rate i.e. 1.19, if we raise coverage or laser range of robot with same angle as previous weather circumstances meanwhile fault detection rate get highly maximized with same energy level or battery power of our robot configuration. Figure 5.5: MSE vs iteration for least square machine learning for faults Abovefigure 5.5, specification our proposed approach if raised no of dimension with same angular rotation of expert system means square error improving, hence minimum mean square error rate with 4- dimension of same iteration for our approach. iteration Fault minimization Rate 1 1.483500 2 1.034048 3 0.791479 4 0.340193 5 0.044917 6 0.000661 7 0.000000 The ALS method for computing correspondences, since they proved effective under several kinds of environments in the training datasets. In Fig. 5.5 we show the MSE curves obtained for our proposed simulation part which implemented in MATLAB tool with these parameters, we achieved a low MSE rate in the datasets with no false positives at dimension 4. In order to check the reliability of our algorithm with datasets, we used MATLAB as evaluation datasets. For these, we used our algorithm as a ALS, with the default configuration given above and the same vocabulary. This test shows that our method can work fine out of the box in many environments and situations, and that it is able to cope with sequences of images taken at low or high frequency, as long as they overlap. VI.CONCLUSION In this work, our proposed simulation of robot self-localization and utilizing all dimension and transferring position towards fix position by using a Alternate least square method. Our strategy is to create a visual experience for the library of raw visual images collected in different domains, to discover the appropiate visual patterns that clearly depicts the input scene, and use them for scene retrieval. In particular, we also showed that the appearance of the pose of the mined visual patterns, user laser range with tracking all coordinate with 360 degree which are matched with those of the database scenes by employing image-to-class distance and spatial pyramid matching. In future , the quadrate can be make for floor plan for learning object finder in internet of things and applying the deep learning into it. REFERENCES [1] Jake Bruce, Jens Wawerla and Richard Vaughan The SFU Mountain Dataset: Semi-Structured Woodland Trails Under Changing Environmental Conditions Autonomy Lab, Simon Fraser University. [2] Dudek, G. and Jugessur, D. Robust place recognition using local appearance based methods. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, volume 2, 2000 [3] Eade, E. and Drummond, T. Unified loop closing and recovery for real time monocular slam. In Proc. 19th British Machine Vision Conference, 2008 [4] Milford, M.J. and Wyeth, G.F. Mapping a Suburb With a Single Camera Using a Biologically Inspired SLAM System. IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 24 (5):1038-1053, 2008. [5] Bosse, M. and Zlot, R. Keypoint design and evaluation for place recognition in 2D lidar maps. In Robotics: Science and Systems Conference: Inside Data Association Workshop, 2008. [6] Cummins, M. and Newman, P. Highly scalable Appearance-only SLAM FAB-MAP 2.0. In Pro- ceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems, Seattle, USA, June 2009. [7] Olson, E. Robust and Efficient Robotic Mapping. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2008 [7] Konolige, K., Bowman, J., Chen, J.D., Mihelich, P., Calonder, M., Lepetit, V., and Fua, P. View-based maps. In Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS), 2009. [8] Schindler, G., Brown, M., and Szeliski, R. City-Scale Location Recognition. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 1-7, 2007 [9]Nist ´er, D. and Stewenius, H. Scalable recognition with a vocabulary tree. In Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, volume 2, pp. 2161-2168, 2006 [10] J ´egou, H., Douze, M., and Schmid, C. Hamming embedding and weak geometric consistency for large scale image search. In David Forsyth, Philip Torr, Andrew Zisserman (ed.), European Conference on Computer Vision, volume I of LNCS, pp. 304-317. Springer, oct 2008. [11] Y. Zhou, D. Wilkinson, R. Schreiber, and R. Pan. Large-scale parallel collaborative filtering for the netflix prize. In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Algorithmic Aspects in Information and Management, AAIM 08, pages 337-348, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008. Springer-Verlag.

Motivating Students Essay -- Education School Teacher

A large problem in schools faced by educators is motivating their students. Motivating, meaning, giving their students a reason for the work they must complete. Working without a purpose can be very challenging for students and will keep them from appreciating and taking care of their work in a satisfactory approach. In the Problem Problem by Gerald Graff he expresses his feelings towards the motivation of students. He discusses how students don’t appreciate the work they do and how they should. Graff believes that most students have a negative attitude towards their work and they simply wonder why they are doing certain assignments. The three main topics Graff breaches is the students’ ability to write an analytical paper, an argumentative paper, and a persuasion paper. In class when students receive an analysis assignment, not all but most of them frown. Analysis is a very pitied assignment due to the feelings and attitudes students have towards them. Students merely don’t understand the point in why they are analyzing a topic they do not care for. In Graff’s essay he gives an example from a student by the name of Karen. Her attitude toward analyzing topics is incredibly poor and from the tone in the essay she wrote it is extremely noticeable that she believes writing an analysis is stupid. For example she writes, "It seems to me that we analyzed things that didn’t seem to have much to analyze†¦.Another reason I do not like to analyze, though this may sound arrogant, is because it is not important to me(Gerald et al, p.2b, 2003)." Karen has no care for analyzing any sort of literature or event that happens in her life, which makes her come off as a disinteresting person. Karen is one of many students who share the same or a si... ...nment to be successful and well done the student needs a purpose that they believe in or know of. Simply writing an essay because a teacher assigned it is not viable in the eyes of Gerald. There needs to be a purpose for quality writing and expression. Gerald’s ideas are exceptionally easy to agree with. His points are all valid and reasonable. He makes no false statements about the avid student and he understands the incapability of student to write without purpose. It would be preposterous to disagree with a written document such as this one because of the easily identified problems he shares and the quality of the content he shares. Problem Problem is incredibly accurate and adequately shows the views of the well certified author, Gerald Graff. Works Cited Gerald, G. (2003). Clueless in academia. New Haven, CT: Yale.

Essay on Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken - It Made All the Difference

The Road Not Taken: All the Difference Each person must make many decisions in their lifetime. Some decisions are easy while others are more difficult. The poem "The Road Not Taken" by Robert Frost is a first person narrative tale of a monumental moment in Frost’s life. Frost is faced between the choice of a moment and a lifetime. Walking down a rural road the narrator encounters a point on his travel that diverges into two separate similar paths. In Robert Frost's poem "The Road Not Taken", Frost presents the idea of man facing the difficult unalterable predilection of a moment and a lifetime. This idea in Frost's poem is embodied in the fork in the road, the decision between the two paths, and the speaker's decision. Man's life can be metaphorically related to a physical journey filled with many twists and turns. Through out this journey there are instants where choices between alternate paths have to be made- the route man decides to take is not always an easy one to determine. The fork in the road represents the speaker's encounter of having to choose from two paths a direction that will affect his the rest of his life ( ). Frost presents to the reader a moment in anyone's life where an arduous problematic choice has to be made. There are an abundance of options in life man faces; Frost symbolizes this into the diverging of the two paths in his poem. The decision for which path to choose from can be hard to accept, just as the revelation of the choices. The two paths represent the options man has to choose from. Faced with these decisions, man has to weigh his options carefu... ...e ways. Faced with very similar choices man tries to examine what they have to offer, but often is not able to for tell the consequences. Man can opt to go the common route, which is the more reliable, and have a common life or he can choose the less common route, which is unknown and often difficult, and have a unique life that stands out above everyone else's life. The choices a person makes in life are ultimately responsible for their future, yet at the same time a person can never go back to the past and experience other possibilities. It is unfeasible to predict the outcomes of capital decisions we make; often it is essential to make these decisions fixed on nothing more than questioning which selection will provide fulfillment. In the end, we reflect over the decisions we have made, and like Frost, sigh, discovering they have made "all the difference."

Role of Computer in Parametric Design Essay -- Technology, Architectur

With the technological revolution, the telecommunications and information technologies opened the gate to rapid and unprecedented changes on society’s daily life which made computers significantly accepted. In architecture realm, it has become an important instrument in both design process and in the everyday operation of buildings and the city. After all, the current revolution is not just about the computer as a tool, but about its role in architecture design. Nowadays, the world is experiencing variety of new built environment with sophisticated forms as a result of this technological movement. Also, with the interaction between the computational development in architecture and the contemporary of spatial design intelligence, some new architectural design theories emerged to make differences between architects and control designing processes. These theories are employed in almost all designing realms, from architecture to urban design to provide fields of ideas and solution s that privilege complexity. Most of these theories are oriented to rely on understanding and using computational methods to generate exotic and complex geometries. In this respect, two of these theories will be discussed and compared to each other to highlight their Strengths and weaknesses. The theories are Parametricisem and Genetic architecture which characterise some of the contemporary architectural design approaches. One of the common design techniques used in contemporary architecture is parametric design which was established simultaneously with the development of high performance computing circles. This technique started to be presented in different context than its conventional understanding where parameters are manipulated manually in linear ... ...n with urban design than architecture and this is because of the need for high population in the simulation process that not appropriate for architecture scale. In conclusion, although the development of modern architecture and the intervention of computer technology to advocate this development, the contemporary architectural outcomes have become more complex and complicated with potential formulation problems. As a result, the new architecture theories came to put boundary lines between being in the range of these problems and producing elegant modern built environment. The seduction of computer-produced form also enhances architects to involve in seeking for new theories to develop the discipline and work to combine formalization with materialization. Finally, some of these theories are accepted and some other still a controversial aspect in architecture.

Being Gay and Elderly in Toronto

According to Peter Sprigg, author of â€Å"Gay Marriage Questions,† there are two reasons a civil marriage should not be granted for gay couples. One is that since they are relationships and not marriages, they should not be granted. Sprigg says that in order to have a marriage, there must be a union of a man and a woman, not a man and a man.Traditional intercourse cannot take place with two men involved. The second one is that these type relationships are harmful. They do not provide the same benefits as a marriage between a man and a woman, and their consequences are far more negative than positive. (www.nogaymarriage. com/gaymarriagequestions. html) Either way, it’s looked at, even with the evidence standing alone, it is enough to not accept the claim that gay couples should be able to legally marry. The first argument is that marriage is an institution that predates the law and the Constitution. Marriage is sociological, not legal. Laws relating to marriage just ack nowledge and keep in tact an institution that is already in existence. However, some people believe that marriage is a way of recognizing couples who are in love with each other. With that being said, they want to spend the rest of their lives together.Consider this. According to Sprigg, love and companionship were sufficient to define marriage, then there would be no reason to deny â€Å"marriage† to unions of a child and an adult, or an adult child and his aging parent, or to roommates who have no sexual relationship. Most people think that the sexual element is what defines a marriage. However, marriage is so much more than that. According to Webster, marriage is a mutual relationship between husband and wife; the institution whereby men and women are joined in a special kind of social and legal dependence for the purpose of founding and maintaining a family.Anthropologist Kingsley Davis says that marriage is â€Å"the unique trait of what is commonly called marriage is s ocial recognition and approval†¦of a couple’s engaging in sexual intercourse and bearing and rearing children. † The question was raised, are married couples without children really in a marriage? If gay couples are denied to marry, shouldn’t straight couples without children be denied also? According to what Sprigg had to say concerning marriage and children, this would make sense, would it not? Not necessarily.If a couple wants children, and for some reason cannot have them, it is not their fault. A couple who decides not to have children may change their minds. At any rate, childless marriages are still acknowledged because if not, it would be an invasion of a heterosexual couples privacy to require that they show intent to bear children, or the ability to have children. So, what is the real purpose of marriage? Anthropologist Kingsley Davis says that a marriage’s purpose is to socially recognized and approved to engage in sexual intercourse and be ar and rear children.Another marriage scholar, Maggie Gallagher says that â€Å"marriage across societies is a public sexual union that creates kinship obligations and sharing of resources between men, women, and the children their sexual union may produce. The mere biological conception and birth of children are not enough to make sure that reproduction of a healthy and successful society. Paul Nathanson, the homosexual scholar says that there are at least five functions that marriage serves—things that every culture must do in order to survive and thrive. They are: 1. Foster the bonding between men and women 2.Foster the birth and rearing of children 3. Foster some form of healthy masculine identity 4. Foster the bonding between men and children 5. Foster the transformation of adolescents into sexually responsible adults Maggie Gallagher puts it more simply, saying that â€Å"children need mothers and fathers† and â€Å"marriage is the most practical way to get the m for children. Actually, when you look at it, homosexuals already have the right the right to marry just like anyone else. When applying for marriage licenses, the application does not ask for a person’s sexual orientation. Now, the freedom of homosexuals to marry is another story.Their marriage, just as any marriage stipulates that any person is legally sanctioned from marrying a child, a close blood relative, a person who is already married, or a person of the same sex. Just because homosexuals have a desire to marry, does not make it right or legal anymore than the desires of other tiny (but less vocal ) minorities of Americans gives them a right to pedophilic â€Å"marriages†, â€Å"incestuous marriages,† or polygamous â€Å"marriages. † Some feel that prohibiting same sex marriages is just as discriminatory as interracial marriages. However, that is not valid thinking.The purpose of the law against interracial marriage was to protect the social syst em of racial segregation, not to protect the nature of marriage. Preserving â€Å"racial purity† was an unworthy goal, certainly not one of the fundamental purposes of marriage common to all human civilizations. One of the arguments against gays is the fact that God is not pleased with that union. According to the Bible, Men should not be lovers of themselves and neither should women. If God said it, then, that settles it. Among all the sins mentioned in the Bible, perhaps none is more disgusting to God than that of homosexuality.God destroyed two cities in the plains of Jordan, called Sodom and Gomorrah, because their wickedness was great (Genesis 13:10-13). The English word, â€Å"sodomy† is a derivative of the word â€Å"Sodom† for the cities were full of the sins of sodomy. Now, with that in mind, how many times are people arrested for sodomizing young children or sodomizing another man? If one can get arrested for sodomizing, then evidently, it would stand to reason, that homosexuality is not right Biblically or lawfully. God created Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve. â€Å"If a man lies with a male as he lies with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination.They shall surely be put to death and their blood {shall be} upon them. † (Leviticus 20:13). Homosexuality is not a disease that is inherited or a disease from birth. Homosexuality is a learned behavior, much like lying, stealing, fornication, etc. Those that learn and practice such must stop. 1 Corinthians 6:9 says, â€Å"Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived. Neither fornicators, nor idolater, nor adulterers, nor homosexuals, nor sodomites, nor thieves, nor covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor extortioners will inherit the kingdom of God.† The homosexuals will not inherit the kingdom of God. They must bring forth fruits worthy of repentance. Now, the purpose of this paper is to argue whether or not same sex marriages should take place in Toronto or anyplace else. Though the Bible or religion is not in question here, there is still the argument of whether gays should be legally married? The scripture clearly states, that this union should not be sanctioned. Consider this. It is not a sin for the color of one’s skin to be white, red, yellow, or lack, and we shouldn’t discriminate against another because of it. However, it is a sin to be a homosexual.It is not a matter of discrimination. It is a matter of right or wrong in the sight of Almighty God. Some say homosexuals are born that way and cannot change. This is another effort of men trying to justify themselves while practicing homosexuality. Homosexuality is condemned from the beginning of time to the end. One of these days, we will have to stand before God and give an account of what was we do to our bodies, smoking, homosexuality, illegal drugs, etc. In Nova-Scotia, two men were married, but they were told, t hat they could not receive communion, unless they were celibate.These two men, both 69 are now trying to make the decision whether to leave the Catholic Church because now, they must make a choice between their religion and their marriage. They were refused, because Communion wafers are considered the body and blood of Christ. To Catholics, receiving communion is one of the faith’s most sacred rituals. Additionally, they were told that their marriage was a public scandal. Many people wonder why defending marriages and defending the family require different views regarding same-sex unions. In other words, how can a homosexual marriage affect a heterosexual marriage?Well, homosexuals unions often have a more direct impact on heterosexual marriages than we know. For instance, the Boston Globe reported June 29, 2003, that â€Å"nearly 40 percent† of the 5,700 homosexual couples who have entered into â€Å"civil unions† in Vermont â€Å"have had a previous heterosex ual marriage. † Children are the ones who suffer the most of homosexual unions because these children grow up without a mother and a father. These children are also products of heterosexual marriages that ended up in divorce or death. These children also face being ridiculed at school and among their peers.The question is will these children, after being exposed to homosexuality in the home, grow up to be gay, or does this help them to choose heterosexuality vs. homosexuality? How do the mothers of these children feel about their now gay ex-husband, having custody or visitation rights? Some would approve it, and some would not. In Toronto, June 30, 2006, (LifeSiteNews. com) – The mainstream media brought to life the phantom of the gay gene theory7 in covering a Canadian study on the origin of homosexuality. â€Å"Homosexuality influenced by biological factors, Canadian researcher says, â€Å"proclaimed the CBC, the first to break the story.This study was regarding sex ual orientation of men determined before birth. However, the study was most intriguing for what the mainstream media failed to cover. Namely that, if true, the study suggests that homosexuality is a congenital abnormality, and shares its origins with other disorders developed in the womb. (www. lifesite. net/ldn/2006/jun/06063003. html Westen, John Henry, 2006) Some researchers at Brock University in St. Catherine’s Ontario published a study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences entitled â€Å"Biological versus non biological older brothers and men’s sexual orientation.The results of this study proved that same-sex sexual orientation is a result from having older brothers, even though the brothers may have not been raised together. To put it simpler, by way of explanation the researchers suggest that same sex relationships result from an immune reaction of the mother to the male child in her womb. â€Å"A theory of male homosexuality is consi stent with the present finding that maternal immune response to succeeding male pregnancies,† says the study.If in fact, this study is correct, then the link between the mother’s immune reaction and the child’s future sexual orientation would probably be some effect of maternal anti-male antibodies on the sexual differentiation of the brain. † Dr. John Shea, medical advisor to Campaign Life Coalition, explained to LifeSiteNews. com that the study explains the significance of its findings suggesting that â€Å"the immune response of the mother’s body, damages the sexual differentiation of the brain of the male child in the womb, thus producing an abnormality in the fetus.† In 1998, almost 3. 7 million Canadians were 65 years of age and older. Over the next fifteen years, this number is expected to grow to approximately 5. 9 million. However, it is impossible to tell how many lesbians and gay men live in Canada. However, the numbers of older gay adults are estimated between 296,000 and 370,000, and should incr4ase proportionately to the general older population of the country to between 471,000 and 590,000 people.(Newsletter of the centre for Applied Social research Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Vol. no. 2/Fall/Winter, 2002). Gerontological research has begun to look at the issues pertaining to gay and lesbian seniors only in the late 1970s, and most of these studies in the area have not succeeded in the experience of gay aging from the viewpoint of women, ethnocultural minorities, low-income individuals, and chose not actively involved in the gay and lesbian communities. (Ibid, 2002)In summary, if all studies conducted on whether or not gay marriage should be sanctioned y the church in regard to marriage, the evidence shows and proves that homosexual couples, male or female should not be sanctioned because of the following reasons: 1. An abomination in the eyesight of God 2. In these relationships, the ma rriage cannot be sanctioned because no union really took place. 3. Children, cannot be born of these marriages, unless they were brought in from a heterosexual marriage.One of the purposes of marriage is to have children. 4. Foster the bond between many women, and a list of other reasons mentioned above. References (www. nogaymarriage. com/gaymarriagequestions. html (Leviticus 20:13, King James Version of Holy Bible) (www. lifesite. net/ldn/2006/jun/06063003. html Westen, John Henry, 2006) (Newsletter of the centre for Applied Social research Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Vol. no. 2/Fall/Winter, 2002).